The family group names of the Ichneumonidae

This synonymic list of family group names is based partly on Fitton & Gauld, (1976, 1978) and on Wahl & Mason (1995). All references to the Code refer to the Internetional Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1961) as amended in its second edition (1964) and by the XVII International Congress of Zoology (Monaco, 1972) (published in Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 31 (1974): 77-101. Groups which are extinct are denoted by the suffix †.

Subfamily ACAENITINAE Förster, 1869.

      Acoenitoidea Förster, 1869: 142, 167. Type-genus: Acoenites Latreille, an unjustified emendation of Acaeni­tus Latreille.

      Acaenitini Förster; Szépligeti, 1908b: 94. Corrected spelling -- Articles 32 (c) & 33 (b) of the Code.

      Coleocentrini Clément, 1938: 506. Type-genus: Coleocentrus Gravenhorst.

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Subfamily ADELOGNATHINAE Thomson, 1888.

      Adelognathides Thomson, 1888: 1271, 1272. Type-genus: Ade­lognathus Holmgren.

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Subfamily AGRIOTYPINAE Haliday, 1838.

      Agriotypidae Haliday, 1838: 212. Type-genus: Agriotypus Curtis.

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Subfamily ANOMALONINAE Viereck, 1918 (1900) [= Anomalinae of Townes].

1. Tribe Anomalonini Viereck, 1918 (1900) [= Anomalini of Town­es]

      [Trachynotoidae Förster, 1869: 140, 147. Invalid proposal based on Trachynotus Gravenhorst, junior homonym of Trachy­notus Latreille.]

      Nototrachiina Woldstedt, 1877: 4. Type-genus: Nototrachys Marshall (= Anoma­lon Panzer). Incorrectly formed stem.

      Nototrachini Ashmead, 1900a: 580. Justified emendation.

      Anomaloninae Viereck, 1918: 72. Type-genus: Anomalon Panzer. Correctly formed stem? Names based on Anomalon rather than Nototrachys have been in general use since 1918 and Ashmead's name is therefore not given priority (Article 40 (a) and (b) of the Code).

      Anomalina Viereck; Townes, 1945: 708. This form, with an incorrect stem, is a junior homonym of Anomalitae Blanchard, 1851.

2. Tribe Gravenhorstiini Enderlein, 1912 [includes Podogastrini and Theriini of Townes; Gauld, 1976].

      [Anomaloidae Förster, 1869: 140, 145. Type-genus: Anomalon Panzer.  Förster misidentified the type-genus, as did Ashmead.  This error was corrected by Viereck (1918).  Förster's name is a junior homonym of Anomalitae Blanchard, 1851: 173.  Incorrectly formed stem.]

      [Anomalonini Ashmead, 1895: 277. ? correctly formed stem. Misidentified type-genus.]

      [Pharsaliinae Szépligeti, 1905: 2, 3. Invalid proposal based on Pharsalia Cresson, junior homonym of Pharsalia Thomson.]

      Gravenhorstiini Enderlein, 1912. Type-genus: Graven­horstia Boie.

      Hymenopharsalinae Viereck, 1918: 72. Type-genus: Hymenopharsalia Morley (= Ophionellus Westwood).  Incorrectly formed stem.

      Therioninae Viereck, 1918: 72. Type-genus: Therion Curtis. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Ophionellini Cushman, 1922: 14. Type-genus: Ophion­ellus West­wood.

      [Aphanistina Townes, 1944: 22. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      [Ophiopterina Townes, 1944: 22. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      [Gravenhorstina Hellén, 1950: 31. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      [Trichommina Hellén, 1950: 31. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      [Gravenhorstiina Townes & Townes, 1951: 396. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Erigorgina Viktorov, 1968: 554. Type-genus: Erigorgus Förster.

      Podogastrini Townes, 1971: 124, 148. Type-genus: Podogaster Brullé.

      Theriini Viereck; Townes, 1971: 124, 155. Justified emendation.

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Subfamily BANCHINAE Wesmael, 1845 [includes Townesioninae; Gauld & Wahl, 2000].

1. Tribe Atrophini Seyrig, 1932 [= Lissonotini of Townes; Gauld (1984)].

      [Lissonotoidae Förster, 1869: 142, 166. Type-genus: Lissonota Gravenhorst.  Lissonotini based on Lis­sonota is a junior homonym of Lissonotini based on the coleopterous genus Lis­sonotus Schoenherr.]

      Megacremastinae Meyer, 1932: 31. Type-genus: (Megacremastus Meyer) = Leptobatopsis Ashmead.

      Atrophini Seyrig, 1932: 20, 170. Type-genus: Atropha Kriechbaumer.

      [Lissonotanini Carlson, 1979: 567. Illegal emendation in violation of Article 55 of the Code.]

2. Tribe Banchini Wesmael, 1845.

      Banchi Wesmael, 1845: 6. Type-genus: Banchus Fabricius. Wesmael's use of Banchi is regarded as a valid proposal because he not only includes the nominal genus but also Plectiscus and Mesochorus.

      Exetastinae Viereck, 1918: 72. Type-genus: Exetastes Grav­en­horst.

3. Tribe Glyptini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920.

      Glyptini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920: 388, 393. Type-genus: Glypta Grav­en­horst.

      Townesioninae Kasparyan, 1993: 155. Type-genus: Townesion Kasparyan.

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Subfamily BRACHYCYRTINAE Viereck, 1919 [part of Labiinae of Townes; Wahl, 1993].

      Brachycyrtinae Viereck, 1919: 198. Type-genus: Brachycyrtus Kriechbaumer.

      Proterocryptini Cushman, 1919: 543. Type-genus: (Proterocryptus Ashmead) = Brachy­cyrtus Kriechbaumer.

      [Brachycyrtini Townes & Townes, 1951: 203. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

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Subfamily CAMPOPLEGINAE Förster, 1869.

      Campoplegoidae Förster, 1869: 141, 150. Type-genus: Campoplex Gravenhorst.  Förster misiden­tified the type-genus, for which a type-species was designated by Westwood (1840).  The genus identified by Förster and other authors as Campoplex is Dusona Cameron (a senior synonym of Campoplegid­ea Viereck 1912 (Viereck, 1912a), proposed for Campoplex of authors).

      Limnerinae Szépligeti, 1911: 1, 2, 3. Type-genus: (Limnerium Ashmead) = Olesicampe Förster. In­correctly formed stem.

      Charopsinae Viereck, 1918: 72. Type-genus: Charops Holmgren. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Cryptophioninae Viereck, 1918: 72. Type-genus: Crypt­ophion Vier­eck.

      Macrini Townes, 1971: 241. Type-genus: Macrus Gravenhorst.

      Cymodusini V. Gupta, 1987: 402. Type-genus: Cymodusa Holmgren.

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Subfamily COLLYRIINAE Cushman, 1924.

      Collyriini Cushman, 1924: 229. Type-genus: Collyria Schiødte.

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Subfamily CREMASTINAE Förster, 1869.

      Cremastoidae Förster, 1869: 141, 149. Type-genus: Cremastus Graven­horst.

      Pristomeroidae Förster, 1869: 141, 149. Type-genus: Pristomerus Cur­tis.

      [Xiphosominae Szépligeti, 1905: 2, 3. Invalid proposal based on Xiphosoma Marshall, an unjustified emenda­tion of Eiphosoma Cresson.]

      Eiphosominae Szépligeti; Viereck, 1918: 72. Type-genus: Eiphosoma Cresson.

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Subfamily CRYPTINAE Kirby 1837 [= Gelinae of Townes, Hemitelinae and Phygadeuontinae of authors].

1. Tribe Claseini Townes, 1969 [part of Labiinae of Townes; Gauld (1978)]

      [Clasini Townes, 1969: 195, 201. Type-genus: Clasis Townes. Incorrectly formed stem.]

      Claseinae Porter, 1998: 54. Corrected spelling -- Article 32 (c) & (d) of the Code.

2. Tribe Cryptini Kirby 1837 [= Mesostenini of authors].

  a. subtribe Agrothereutina Townes, 1970.

      Agrothereutina Townes, 1970a: 142, 145. Type-genus: Agro­thereutes Förs­ter.

  b. subtribe Ateleutina Townes, 1967.

      Ateleutina Townes, 1967: 181. Type-genus: Ateleute Förster.

  c. subtribe Baryceratina Townes.

      Baryceratina Townes (in: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 438). Type-genus: Baryceros Graven­horst.

  d. subtribe Ceratocryptina Townes, 1970.

      Ceratocryptina Townes, 1970a: 144, 299. Type-genus: Ceratocryptus Cameron.

  e. subtribe Coesulina Townes, 1970.

      Coesulina Townes, 1970a: 144, 293. Type-genus: Coesula Townes.

  f. subtribe Cryptina Kirby, 1837 [= Ischnina of Townes].

      Cryptidae Kirby, 1837. Type-genus: Cryptus Fabricius, 1804. Cryptini Kirby, 1837 and Cryptus Fabricius, 1804 were conserved by Opinion 1757 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1994).

      Hedycryptinae Bradley, 1919: 55. Type-genus: Hedy­cryptus Cameron.

      [Trachysphyrini Constantineanu & Constantineanu, 1968. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Ischnina Townes, 1970a: 145, 158. Type-genus: Ischnus Gravenhorst.

  g. subtribe Gabuniina Townes, 1970.

      Gabuniina Townes, 1970a: 143, 325. Type-genus: Gabunia Kriechbaumer.

  h. subtribe Glodianina Townes, 1970.

      Glodianina Townes, 1970a: 144, 232. Type-genus: Glodianus Cameron.

  i. subtribe Goryphina Townes, 1970.

      Goryphina Townes, 1970a: 145, 235. Type-genus: Goryphus Holmgren.

  j. subtribe Lymeonina Townes, 1970.

      Lymeonina Townes, 1970a: 144, 276. Type-genus: Lymeon Förster.

  k. subtribe Mesostenina Ashmead, 1900.

      Mesostenini Ashmead, 1900a: 570. Type-genus: Meso­stenus Grav­enhorst.

  l. subtribe Melanocryptina Townes, 1970.

      Melanocryptina Townes, 1970a: 144, 298. Type-genus: Melano­cryptus Cameron.

  m. subtribe Osprynchotina Viereck, 1918 [= Nematopodiina of Townes].

      Osprynchotina Viereck, 1918: 73. Type-genus: Ospryn­chotus Spinola.

      Nematopodiina Townes, 1970a: 437, 443. Type-genus: Nemato­podius Graven­horst.

  n. subtribe Sphecophagina Beirne, 1941.

      [Crypturina Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2278. Invalid proposal based on Crypturus Gravenhorst, junior homonym of Cryptus Illiger.]

      [Endurini Schmiedeknecht, 1912: 2495. Invalid proposal based on Endurus Rondani (replacement name for Crypturus Gravenhorst), junior objective synonym of Latibulus Gistel (the valid replacement name for Crypturus Gravenhorst).]

      [Sphecophagini Seyrig, 1934: 12. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Sphecophagini Beirne, 1941: 167, 174. Type-genus: Spheco­phaga Westwood.

      Latibulinae Constantineanu & Constantineanu, 1968: 171. Type-genus: Latibulus Gistel. Replacement name for Crypturina Schmiedeknecht and Endurini Schmiedeknecht.

  o. subtribe Vagenathina Townes, 1970.

      Vagenathina Townes, 1970a: 142, 294. Type-genus: Vagenatha Cameron.

3. Tribe Hemigastrini Ashmead, 1900 [part of Echthrini of Townes].

      Hemigasterini Ashmead, 1900b: 25, 38. Type-genus: Hemigaster Brullé.

      Pseudocryptina Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2278. Type-genus: (Pseudocryptus Kriech­baumer) = Giraudia Förster.    [Aptesini Townes, 1944: 19. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Aptesini Smith & Shenefelt, 1955: 184, 185. Type-genus: Aptesis Förs­ter. Aptesini is retained under Ar­ticle 40(b) of the Code and takes the date of Schmiedeknecht's name.

      Echthrini Narayanan & Kundan Lal, 1958: 18, 25. Type-genus: Echthrus Graven­horst

4. Tribe Phygadeuontini Förster, 1869.

  a. subtribe Acrolytina Townes, 1970.

      Acrolytina Townes, 1970a: 5, 27. Type-genus: Acrolyta Förster.

  b. subtribe Bathytrichina Townes, 1970.

      Bathytrichina Townes, 1970a: 7, 86. Type-genus: Bathythrix Förster.

  c. subtribe Chiroticina Townes, 1970.

      Chiroticina Townes, 1970a: 5, 8. Type-genus: Chirotica Förster.

  d. subtribe Cremnodina Townes, 1970.

      Cremnodina Townes, 1970a: 6, 107. Type-genus: Cremnodes Förs­ter.

  e. subtribe Endaseina Townes, 1970.

      Endaseina Townes, 1970a: 7, 77. Type-genus: Endasys Förster.

  f. subtribe Ethelurgina Townes, 1970.

      Ethelurgina Townes, 1970a: 7, 71.  Type-genus: Ethelurgus Förster.

  g. subtribe Gelina Viereck, 1918 (1869).

      Pezomachoidae Förster, 1869: 143, 172. Type-genus: (Pezomachus Gravenhorst) = Gelis Thunberg.

      Gelinae Viereck, 1918: 73. Type-genus: Gelis Thunberg.  Gelini is retained under provisions of Article 40 (a) and (b) of the Code and takes the date of Förster's name.

  h. subtribe Hemitelina Förster, 1869 (includes Gnypetomorphina; Horstmann, 1992].

      Hemiteloidae Förster, 1869: 144, 173. Type-genus: Hemiteles Graven­horst.

      Myersiidae Viereck, 1912c: 575 . Type-genus: (Myersia Viereck) = Polyaulon Förster.

      Gnypetomorphina Townes, 1970a: 6, 57. Type-genus: Gnypeto­morpha Förster. 

  i. subtribe Mastrina Townes, 1970.

      Mastrina Townes, 1970a: 7, 59. Type-genus: Mastrus Förster.

  j. subtribe Phygadeuontina Förster, 1869 [includes Cephalobaridina; Horstmann, 1992].

      Phygadeuontoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 181. Type-genus: Phygadeuon Graven­horst.

      Cephalobaridina Townes, 1970a: 7, 111. Type-genus: Ceph­alobaris Kryger. 

  k. subtribe Rothneyiina Cameron, 1906.

      Rothneyini Cameron, 1906: 252. Type-genus: Rothneyia Cameron.  Incorrectly formed stem.

      Rothneyiini Cameron; Schmiedeknecht, 1908: 94.  Justified emen­da­tion.

  l. subtribe Stilpnina Förster, 1869.

      Stilpnoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 188. Type-genus: Stilpnus Graven­horst.

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Subfamily CTENOPELMATINAE Förster, 1869 [= Scolobatinae of Townes].

1. Tribe Ctenopelmatini Förster, 1869.

      Ctenopelmoidae Förster, 1869: 145, 195. Type-genus: Ctenopelma Holmgren. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Notopygina Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2278. Type-ge­nus: Notopygus Holmgren.

      Ctenopelmatini Förster; Townes, 1944: 21. Justified emendation.

2. Tribe Euryproctini Thomson, 1883.

      [Mesoleptoidae Förster, 1869: 145, 197. Type-genus: Mesoleptus Gravenhorst. Förster misidentified the type-genus, which belongs to the Stilpnina, by overlooking Curtis' (1837) earlier designation.  This error was discovered by Viereck (1912b).]

      Euryproctides Thomson, 1883: 907, 924. Type-genus: Euryproctus Holm­gren.

      Megacerini Szépligeti, 1908a: 322. Type-genus: Megaceria Szépligeti. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Zemiophorinae Viereck, 1918: 70. Type-genus: (Zemiophora Förster) = Synomelix Förster.

3. Tribe Mesoleiini Thomson, 1883.

      Mesoleiides Thomson, 1883: 907, 929. Type-genus: Mesoleius Holmgren.

4. Tribe Olethrodotini Townes, 1970.

      Olethrodotini Townes, 1970b: 55, 65. Type-genus: Olethrodotis Förs­ter.

5. Tribe Perilissini Thomson, 1883.

      Perilissides Thomson, 1883: 906, 910. Type-genus: Perilissus Holmgren.

6. Tribe Pionini Smith & Shenefelt, 1955 (1883).

      Catoglyptides Thomson, 1883: 907, 922. Type-genus: (Catoglyptus Holmgren) = Pion Schiødte.

      [Pionini Townes, 1945: 483. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Pionini Smith & Shenefelt, 1955: 188, 189. Type-genus: Pion Schiødte. Pionini is retained under Ar­ticle 40 (a) and (b) of the Code and takes the date of Thomson's name.

7. Tribe Scolobatini Schmiedeknecht, 1911 [includes Westwoodiini of Townes; Gauld, 1984].

      Scolobatina Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2278. Type-genus: Scolobates Graven­horst.

      Westwoodini Townes, 1970b: 54, 56. Type-genus: Westwoodia Brullé.

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Subfamily CYLLOCERIINAE Wahl, 1990 [part of Microleptinae of Townes; Wahl, 1990].

      [Lampronotini Hellén, 1915: 17, 47. Type-genus: Lampronota Curtis.  Hellén misidentified Cylloceria Schiødte as Lampronota.  Viereck had already pointed out the misidentification of Lam­pronota (Viereck, 1914); Lampronota is a junior synonym of Lissonota.]

      Cylloceriinae Wahl, 1990: 50, 52. Type-genus: Cylloceria Schiødte.

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Subfamily DIACRITINAE Townes, 1965 [part of Ephialt­inae of Townes; Gauld, 1991].

      Diacritini Townes (in Townes, Momoi & Townes, 1965: 550, 555). Type-genus: Diacritus Förster.

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Subfamily DIPLAZONTINAE Viereck, 1918.

      [Bassoidea Förster, 1869: 142, 162. Type-genus: Bassus Fabricius. Förster misidentified the type-genus (which is a braconid).  Viereck (1918) corrected this error.

      Diplazoninae Viereck, 1918: 70. Type-genus: Diplazon Nees. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Diplazontinae Viereck; Hopper, 1959: 163. Justified emendation.

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Subfamily EUCEROTINAE Viereck, 1919 (1883) [part of Tryphoninae of Townes; Barron, 1976].

      Eumesiides Thomson, 1883: 906. Type-genus: (Eumesius Westwood) = Euceros Graven­horst.

      Eucerinae Viereck, 1919: 48 Type-genus: Euceros Gravenhorst. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Eucerini Seyrig, 1934: 18, 24. Type-genus: Euceros Gravenhorst. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Eucerosini Townes, 1944: 20. Incorrectly formed stem. Unjustified emendation.

      Euceratini Townes, 1945: 480. Incorrectly formed stem. Unjustified emendation.

      Eucerotini Seyrig; Hopper, 1959: 163. Justified emendation.  Fitton & Gauld (1976): “Names based on Euceros rather than Eumesius have been in general use since 1934 and Thomson's name is therefore not given priority (Article 40 (b) of the Code).”

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Subfamily HYBRIZONTINAE Blanchard, 1845.

1. Tribe Ghilarovitini† Kasparyan, 1988.

      Ghilarovitinae Kasparyan, 1988b: 127, 128. Type-genus: Ghilarovites Kasparyan.

2. Tribe Hybrizontini Blanchard, 1845.

      Hybrizonites Blanchard, 1845: 157. Type-genus: Hybrizon Fallén (Wharton & van Achterberg, 2000).

Pachylommatoidae Förster, 1862: 228. Type-genus: (Pachylomma Ratzeburg) = Hybrizon Fal­lén.  Pachylomma is an unjustified emendation of Paxylomma de Brébisson.

      Pachylommaninae Förster; Szépligeti, 1896: 310.  Incorrectly formed stem based on unjustified emenda­tion. 

      Paxylomminae Förster; Ashmead, 1900b: 114. Incorrect­ly formed stem.

      Paxylommatinae Förster; Schmiedeknecht, 1907: 537. Corrected spelling -- Articles 32 (c) & 33 (b) of the Code.

      Eupachylommidae Viereck, 1918: 71. Type-genus: Eu­pachylomma Ashmead.

3. Subtribe Tobiastini† Kasparyan, 1988.

      Tobiastini Kasparyan, 1988b: 127, 130. Type-genus: Tobiastes Kasparyan.

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Subfamily ICHNEUMONINAE Latreille, 1802.

1. Alomyini Förster, 1869 [incl. Heterischnini of Townes].

      Alomyoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 194.  Type-genus: Alomya Panzer.

      Phaeogenoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 191.  Type-genus: Phaeogenes Wesmael.

      Dicaelotina Holmgren, 1889: 343.  Type-genus: Dicaelotus Wesmael. 

      Diadromina Holmgren, 1889: 345. Type-genus: Diadromus Wesmael.

      Epitomina Holmgren, 1889: 347.  Type-genus: Epitomus Förster.

      Gnathoxina Holmgren, 1889: 344.  Type-genus: Gnathoxys Wesmael.

      Herpestomina Holmgren, 1889: 344.  Type-genus: Herpestomus Wesmael.

      Oronotina Holmgren, 1889: 343.  Type-genus: Oronotus Wesmael.

      Stenodotina Schmiedeknecht, 1903: 262.  Type-genus: Stenodontus Berthoumieu.

      Heterischnini Townes (in: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 347, 458). Type-genus: Heterischnus Wesmael.

      Chauviniina Diller, 1981: 95, 98.  Type-genus: Chauvinia Heinrich.

      Hemichneumonini Valemberg, 1983: 263. Type-genus: Hemichneumon Wesmael.

      Dicaelodontina Diller, 1994: 126. Type-genus: Dicaelodontus Diller

2. Ceratojoppini Heinrich, 1938.

      Ceratojoppini Heinrich, 1938: 25, 121.  Type-genus: Ceratojoppa Cameron.

3. Compsophorini Heinrich, 1967.

      [Compsophorina Heinrich, 1962: 688.  Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Compsophorini Heinrich, 1967: 25.  Type-genus: Compsophorus Saussure.

4. Clypeodromini Tereshkin, 1992.

      Clypeodromini Tereshkin, 1992: 194. Type-genus: Clypeodromas Tereshkin.

5. Ctenocalini Heinrich, 1938.

      Ctenocalini Heinrich, 1938: 25, 40-41.  Type-genus: Ctenocalus Szepligeti.

6. Eurylabini Heinrich, 1934.

      Eurylabini Heinrich, 1934: 64-67.  Type-genus: Eurylabus Wesmael.

7. Goedartiini Townes, 1961.

      Goedartiini Townes (in: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 399, 458). Type-genus: Goedartia Goie.

8. Heresiarchini Ashmead, 1900 [= Ichneumonini of Townes; includes Trogini of Heinrich (Sime & Wahl, 2002)].

      [Trogoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 188.  Type-genus: Trogus Panzer.  Trogini based on Trogus is a junior homonym of Trogidae MacLeay, 1819, based on the coleopterous genus Trox Fabricius.  Although Förster cites Trogus Gravenhorst, Gravenhorst included the type species of Trogus Panzer in his treatment of the genus and had the same generic concept]

      Heresiarchini Ashmead, 1900a: 567.  Type-genus: Heresiarches Wesmael.

      Protichneumonini Heinrich, 1934: 66, 84.  Type-genus: Protichneumon  Thomson.

      Callajoppina Heinrich, 1962: 809-810.  Type-genus: Callajoppa Cameron.

      Apatetorina Heinrich, 1967: 26, 50.  Type-genus: Apatetor Saussure.

      [Trogusina Carlson, 1979: 538.  Illegal emendation.  Article 55(b) of the Code.]           

9. Ichneumonini Latreille, 1802 [= Joppini of Townes in part].

      (The following are incertae sedis within the tribe, as the type genera were never formally assigned to a subtribe by Heinrich:

      Joppinen Kriechbaumer, 1898: 2.  Type-genus: Joppa Fabricius.

      [Merolidini Brèthes, 1909: 49-50.  Type-genus: Merolides Brèthes.  The type and sole specimen of Merolides arechavaletai Brèthes is lost; Townes (Townes & Townes, 1966; pers. comm.) placed it in Joppini, near Limerodes.]

      Tetragonochorini Heinrich, 1934: 64, 67.  Type-genus: Tetragonochora Kriechbaumer.  Townes (Townes & Townes, 1966) placed this genus in Joppini.)

  a. Aethioplitina Heinrich, 1967.

      Aethioplitina Heinrich, 1967: 27.  Type-genus: Aethioplites Heinrich.

  [b. Amblytelina Viereck, 1918.]

      [Amblytelinae Viereck, 1918: 74.  Type-genus: Amblyteles Wesmael.  Amblytelina based on Amblyteles is a junior homonym of Amblytelides Sloane, 1898, based on the coleopterous genus Amblytelus Erichson (Carabidae).]

      [Amblytelesina Carlson, 1979: 507.  Illegal emendation.  Article 55(b) of the Code.]

  c. Gyrodontina Schmiedeknecht, 1902.

      Gyrodontini Schmiedeknecht, 1902: 9, 28.  Type-genus: Gyrodonta Cameron.

      Cratichneumonina Heinrich, 1967: 27.  Type-genus: Cratichneumon Thomson.

  d. Hoplismenina Heinrich, 1967.

      Hoplismenina Heinrich, 1967: 26.  Type-genus: Hoplismenus Gravenhorst.

  e. Ichneumonina Latreille, 1802.

      Ichneumonides Latreille, 1802: 318.  Type-genus: Ichneumon Linnaeus.

      [Pterocorminae Heinrich, 1949: 256. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

10. Ischnojoppini Heinrich, 1938.

      Ischnojoppini Heinrich, 1938: 25, 117.  Type-genus: Ischnojoppa Kriechbaumer.

11. Joppocryptini Viereck, 1918.

      Joppocryptinae Viereck, 1918: 73.  Type-genus: Joppocryptus Viereck.

      Acanthojoppini Heinrich, 1934: 65, 67, 138.  Type-genus: (Acanthojoppa Cameron) = Eccoptosage Kriechbaumer.  Townes & Townes (1966) placed this genus in the Joppini.

12. Listrodromini Förster, 1869.

      Listrodromoidae Förster, 1869: 144, 194.  Type-genus: Listrodromus Wesmael.

13. Oedicephalini Heinrich, 1934 [= Notosemini of Townes].

      Oedicephalini Heinrich, 1934: 67, 118-119.  Type-genus: Oedicephalus Cresson.

      Notosemini Townes (in: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 338, 459).  Type-genus: Notosemus Förster.

14. Platylabini Berthoumieu, 1904 [= Pristicerotini of Townes].

      Platylabini Berthoumieu, 1904: 4.  Type-genus: Platylabus Wesmael.

      [Pristaceratini Townes & Townes, 1951: 280.  Not available under Article 13 of the Code.  Incorrect spelling.]

      Pristicerotini Townes (in: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 393, 458). Type-genus: Pristiceros Gravenhorst.

15. Zimmeriini Heinrich, 1934.

      [Zimmerini Heinrich, 1934: 67.  Type-genus: (Zimmeria Heinrich) = Cotiheresiarches Telenga. Incorrectly formed stem.]

      Zimmeriini Heinrich; Rasnitsyn & Siitan, 1981: 510. Justified emendation.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily LABENINAE Ashmead, 1900 [= Labiinae of Townes].

1. Tribe Groteini Viereck, 1923 [= Labiini of Townes; Gauld (1978)]

      [Orthognathellinae Szépligeti, 1908a: 320.  Type-genus: (Orthognathella Szépligeti) = Labium Brullé.]

      Groteinae Viereck, 1923: 201. Type-genus: Grotea Cresson.

      [Labiini Townes (in: Townes & Townes, 1960: 437, 537. Type-genus: Labium Brullé. Labiini based on Labium is a junior homonym of Labiidae based on the dermapterous genus Labia.]

2. Tribe Labenini Ashmead, 1900a.

      Labenini Ashmead, 1900a: 571. Type-genus: Labena Cresson.

3. Tribe Poecilocryptini Townes, 1960 [part of Brachycyrtini of Townes; Gauld, 1978].

      Poecilocryptini Townes (in: Townes & Townes, 1960: 437, 541. Type-genus: Poecilocryptus Cam­eron.

4. Tribe Xenothyrini Wahl, 1996.

      Xenothyrini Wahl, 1996: 156. Type-genus: Xenothyris Townes

                                                             ********************

Subfamily LYCORININAE Cushman & Rohwer, 1920.

      Lycorini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920: 388, 393. Type-genus: Lycorina Holmgren.  Incorrectly formed stem.

      Lycorinini Cushman & Rohwer; Clément, 1938: 507. Justified emen­da­tion.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily MESOCHORINAE Förster, 1869.

      Mesochoroidae Förster, 1869: 143, 170. Type-genus: Mesochorus Graven­horst.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily METOPIINAE Förster, 1869.

      Metopioidae Förster, 1869: 142, 159. Type-genus: Metopius Panzer.  Townes (1945) made a first-reviser choice between Metopioidae and Exochoidae.

      Exochoidae Förster, 1869: 142, 161. Type-genus: Exochus Gravenhorst.

      [Trachydermatoidae Förster, 1869: 142, 161. Invalid proposal based on Trachyderma Graven­horst, junior homonym of Trachyderma Latreille.]

      [Tylecomnini Ashmead, 1900: 63, 81. Invalid proposal based on Tylocomnus Holmgren (replace­ment name for Trachyderma Gravenhorst), junior object synonym of Spudaeus Gistel (the valid replace­ment name for Trachyderma Gravenhorst). Incorrect spell­ing.]

      Tylocomnini Ashmead; Schmeideknecht, 1911: 2278. Corrected spelling -- Article 32 (c) & (d) of the Code.

      Cariini Schmiedeknecht, 1924: 112. Type-genus: Carria Schmiede­knecht.

      Laptonini Clément, 1938: 506. Type-genus: Lapton Nees.

      Spudaeinae Constantineanu, 1961: 689. Type-genus: Spud­aeus Gistel.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily MICROLEPTINAE Townes, 1958.

      Microleptinae Townes, 1958: 221. Type-genus: Microleptes Tow­nes.

      Microcleptinae Townes; Walkley, 1967: 179. Unjustified emenda­tion.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily NEORHACODINAE Hedicke, 1922 [part of Ban­chin­ae of Townes; Townes, 1971].

      [Rhacodinae Ruschka, 1922: 138. Invalid proposal based on Rhacodes Ruschka, junior homonym of Rhacodes Koch.]

      Neorhacodinae Hedicke, 1922: 427. Type-genus: Neorhacodes Hedicke.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily NESOMESOCHORINAE Ashmead, 1905 [part of Campopleginae of Townes; Townes, 1970].

      Nesomesochorini Ashmead, 1905: 967. Type-genus: (Nesomesochorus Ashmead) = Chriodes Förster.

      Neomesochorinae Ashmead; Szépligeti, 1911: 1, 2, 70. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

      Mavandini Seyrig, 1935: 93. Type-genus: (Mavandia Seyrig) = Chriodes Förster. Incorrectly formed stem.

      Nonnini Townes (in: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 488). Type-genus: Nonnus Cresson.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily OPHIONINAE Shuckard, 1840.

      Ophionidae Shuckard, 1840: 186. Type-genus: Ophion Fabricius.

      Hellwigioidae Förster, 1869: 141, 149. Type-genus: Hellwigia Graven­horst.

      Enicospilini Townes, 1971: 50, 62. Type-genus: Enicospilus Stephens.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily ORTHOCENTRINAE Förster, 1869 [incl. part of Microleptinae of Townes; Wahl, 1990]

      Orthocentroides Förster, 1869: 142, 159. Type-genus: Orthocentrus Graven­horst.

      [Plectiscoidae Förster, 1869: 143, 170. Type-genus: Plectiscus Gravenhorst sensu Förster.  Viereck (1918) proposed Plectiscidea for Plectiscus of Förster and authors.] 

      Helictinae Gupta, 1987: 677. Type-genus: Helictes Haliday.  

                                                             ********************

Subfamily ORTHOPELMATINAE Schmiedeknecht, 1910.

      Orthopelmina Schmiedeknecht, 1910: 2052. Type-genus: Orthopelma Taschenberg.  Incorrectly formed stem.

      Orthopelmatinae Schmiedeknecht; Townes & Townes, 1951: 341. Justified emen­da­tion.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily OXYTORINAE Thomson, 1883 [part of Microlept­inae of Townes; Wahl, 1990].

      Oxytorides Thomson, 1883: 906, 910. Type-genus: Oxytorus Förster.

      [Callidiotini Townes, 1944: 21. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Callidiotini Smith & Shenefelt. 1955: 187, 189. Type-genus: (Callidiotes Förster) = Oxytorus Förster.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily PEDUNCULINAE Porter, 1998.

      Pedunculinae Porter, 1998: 53. Type-genus: Pedunculus Townes.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily PHEROMBINAE† Kasparyan, 1988.

      Pherombinae Kasparyan, 1988a: 38-39. Type-genus: Pherombus Kasparyan.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily PHRUDINAE Townes & Townes, 1949 (1910).

      Mengerseniina Schmiedeknecht, 1910: 2052. Type-genus: (Mengerseniina Schmiede­knecht) = Phrudus Förster.

      Sisyrostolini Seyrig, 1932: 21, 109. Type-genus: (Sisyrostolus Kriechbaumer) = Melandolius Saus­sure.

      Phrudini Townes & Townes, 1949: 323, 324. Type-genus: Phrudus Förster.  Phrudini is retained un­der provisions of Article 40 (a) and  (b) of the Code and takes the date of Schmiedeknecht's name.

      Brachyscleromatinae Townes (in: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 422, 451). Type-genus: Brachy­scleroma Cush­man.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily PIMPLINAE Wesmael, 1845 [= Ephialtinae of Townes].

1. Tribe Delomeristini Hellén, 1915 [part of Therionini of Townes, 1969].

      Delomeristini Hellén, 1915: 17,48. Type-genus: Delo­merista Förs­ter.

      Perithoini Wahl & Gauld, 1998: 280, 282. Type-genus: Perithous Holmgren.      

2. Tribe Ephialtini Hellén, 1915 [= Pimplini of Townes (1969) and Polysphinctini; Wahl & Gauld, 1998].

      [Pimplidae Shuckard, 1840: 146. Type-genus: Pimpla Fabricius sensu Curtis, 1828.  This became a misidenti­fication on publication of Opinion 159 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1945)]

      Ephialtini Hellén, 1915: 16, 21. Type-genus: Ephialtes Schrank sensu Gravenhorst.  This became a correct identification on publication of Opinion 159 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1945).

      Epiurini Hellén, 1915: 17, 35. Type-genus: (Epiurus Förster) = Scambus Hartig.

      Polysphinctini Hellén, 1915: 16, 43. Type-genus: Polysphincta Graven­horst.

      Schizopygides Hellén, 1915: 10, 51. Type-genus: Schizopyga Gra­ven­horst.

      [Ichneumoninae Latreille; Cushman & Rohwer, 1920: 379. Type-genus: Ichneumon Linneaus with type-species I. manifestor L. by subsequent designation of Latreille (1810: 436).  This be­came a misidenti­fication on publication of Opinion 159 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1945).]

      [Clistopygina Hellén, 1940: 11. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Clistopygini Benoit, 1956: 133. Type-genus: Clistopyga Gravenhorst.

      [Scambini Constantineanu & Ciochia, 1967. Not available under article 13 of the Code.]

3. Tribe Pimplini Wesmael, 1845 [= Ephialtini and part of Theroniini of Townes; Gauld, 1991].

      Pimplae Wesmael, 1845: 6. Type-genus: Pimpla Fabricius sensu Gravenhorst.  This became a correct identification on publication of Opinion 159 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1945).

      Pimploinae Szépligeti, 1908b: 74, 94.  Incorrectly formed stem; unjustified emenda­tion.

      Echthromorphides Morley, 1913: 33. Type-genus: Echthro­morpha Holm­gren.

      [Ephialtini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920. Type-genus: Ephialtes Schrank. Cushman & Rohwer (1919) misidentified Ephialtes as a synonym of Pimpla sensu Opinion 159 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1945) (Roman, 1932). The name is a junior homonym of Ephialtini Hellén, 1915.]

      Theroniini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920: 389, 394. Type-genus: Theronia Holm­gren.

      [Apechtiina Hellén, 1940: 10. Invalid proposal based on Apechtis Thomson, an unjustified emen­dation of Apechthis Förster.]

                                                             ********************

Subfamily POEMENIINAE Narayanan & Lal, 1953 (1935) [part of Ephialtinae of Townes; Gauld, 1991].

1. Tribe Poemeniini Narayanan & Lal, 1953 (1935).

      Calliclisini Seyrig, 1935: 5. Type-genus: (Calliclisis Förster) = Poemenia Holmgren.

      Neoxoridini Clément, 1938: 506, 515. Type-genus: Neoxorides Clément.

      [Eugaltini Townes, 1944: 18. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.

      [Poememiini Townes & Townes, 1951: 198. Not available under Article 13 of the Code. Incorrect spelling.]

      Poemeniini Narayanan & Kundan Lal, 1953: 324. Type-genus: Poemenia Holmgren. Using the argument of Fitton & Gauld (1976), Poemeni­inae was proposed because of synonymy of Calliclisis with Poemenia and became generally accepted, and under sections (a) and (b) of  Article 40 of the Code takes the date of Seyrig's name.

2. Tribe Pseudorhyssini Wahl & Gauld, 1998.

      Pseudorhyssini Wahl & Gauld, 1998: 284. Type-genus: Pseudorhyssa Merrill.

3. Tribe Rodrigamini Wahl & Gauld, 1998.

      Rodrigamini Wahl & Gauld, 1998: 284. Type-genus: Rodrigama Gauld.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily RHYSSINAE Morley, 1913 [part of Ephialtinae of Townes; Gauld, 1991].

      Rhyssides Morley, 1913: 3. Type-genus: Rhyssa Gravenhorst.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily STILBOPINAE Townes & Townes, 1949 [part of Banch­inae of Townes].

      [Pantelina Hellén, 1940: 12. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Stilbopini Townes & Townes, 1949: 323. Type-genus: Stilbops Förs­ter.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily TATOGASTRINAE Wahl, 1990 [part of Microlept­inae of Townes; Wahl, 1990].

      Tatogastrinae Wahl, 1990. Type-genus: Tatogaster Townes.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily TERSILOCHINAE Schmiedeknecht, 1910.

      [Porizonoidae Förster, 1869. Type-genus: Porizon Fallén sensu Gravenhorst. Porizon was misinterpreted by Gravenhorst and subsequent authors as a tersilochine.  The type-species (by monotypy) of Porizon Fallén was “Ophion moderator Fabricius”, a misidentification by Fallén of the tersilochine Probles rufipes (Holmgren) (Horstmann, 1970). The valid type-species for Porizon Fallén is Ichneumon moderator Linnaeus, a campoplegine (Horstmann, 1970, 1971; Carlson, 1979). This case needs to be submitted to the ICZN for clarification [Article 35.4.1 of the Code (2000)].

      Thersilochina Schmiedeknecht, 1910: 2052. Valid proposal based on Thersilochus Holmgren, an unjustified emenda­tion of Tersilochus Holmgren (Article 35.4.1 of the Code (2000)).

                                                           **********************

Subfamily TOWNESITINAE† Kasparyan, 1994: 86-87.

1. Tribe Rasnitsynitini Kasparyan, 1994.

      Rasnitsynitini Kasparyan, 1994: 88. Type-genus: Rasnitsynites Kasparyan.

2. Tribe Townesitini Kasparyan, 1994

      Townesitini Kasparyan, 1994: 91. Type-genus: Townesites Kasparyan.

**********************

Subfamily TRYPHONINAE Shuckard, 1840.

1. Tribe Ankylophonini Gauld, 1984

      Ankylophonini Gauld, 1984. Type-genus: Ankylophon Gauld.

2. Tribe Eclytini Townes & Townes, 1945.

      Eclytini Townes & Townes, 1945: 41, 42. Type-genus: Eclytus Holm­gren.

3. Tribe Exenterini Förster, 1869 [= Ctenscini of Townes].

      Exenteroidae Förster, 1869: 144, 194. Type-genus: Exenterus Hartig.

      Cteniscina Woldstedt, 1877: 32. Type-genus: Cteniscus Haliday.

4. Tribe Idiogrammatini Cushman, 1942 (1895).

      Lysiognathinae Ashmead, 1895: 277. Type-genus: (Lysiognathus Ashmead) = Idio­gramma Förster.

      Idiogrammatinae Cushman, 1942: 54. Type-genus: Idiogramma Förster.  Idiogrammatini is retained under Article 40 (a) and (b) of the Code and takes the date of Ashmead's name.

5. Tribe Oedemopsini Woldstedt, 1877 [part of Eclytini of Townes].

      Oedemopsina Woldstedt, 1877: 37. Type-genus: Oedemopsis Tschek

      [Thymarides Thomson, 1883: 906. Type-genus: Thymarus Thomson.  Invalid proposal based on an unjustified emenda­tion of Thymaris Förster.]

      Thymaridina Thomson; Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2278. Corrected spelling -- Article 32 (c) & (d) of the Code.

6. Tribe Phytodietini Hellén, 1915.

      [Paniscini Ashmead, 1900: 582. Type-genus: Paniscus Schrank.  Ashmead misidentified the type-genus, which is a synonym of Ophion Fabricius.]

      Phytodiaetini Hellén, 1915: 17, 49. Valid proposal based on Phytodiaetus Agassiz, a junior homonym and unjustified emendation of Phytodietus Gravenhorst (Article 35.4.1 of the Code (2000)).

      Neteliini Townes, 1938: 168, 169, 174. Type-genus: Netelia Gray.

7. Tribe Sphinctini Förster, 1869.

      Sphinctoidea Förster, 1869: 143, 170. Type-genus: Sphinctus Graven­horst.

8. Tribe Tryphonini Shuckard, 1840.

      Tryphonidae Shuckard, 1840: 186. Type-genus: Tryphon Fallén.

      Polyblastina Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2278. Type-genus: Poly­blastus Hartig.

      [Monoblastina Seyrig, 1935: 11, 12. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Iborniini Seyrig, 1935: 32. Type-genus: Ibornia Seyrig.

      [Grypocentrina  Hellén, 1940: 18. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      [Boethini Townes, 1944: 18. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      Boethini Townes & Townes, 1949: 323, 324. Type-genus: Boethus Förster.

      Grypocentrini Townes & Townes, 1949: 323, 324. Type-genus: Grypo­centrus Ruthe.

                                                             ********************

Subfamily XORIDINAE Shuckard, 1840.

      Xorididae Shuckard, 1840: 186. Type-genus: Xorides Latreille.

      Xylonomides Hellén, 1915: 10, 11. Type-genus: (Xylonomus Gravenhorst) = Xorides Latreille.

      [Odontomerini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920: 391, 396. Invalid proposal based on Odont­omerus Gravenhorst, junior homonym of Odontomerus Leach.]

      [Ischnocerini Clément, 1938. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

      [Odontocolini Šedivý, 1958: 97. Not available under Article 13 of the Code.]

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